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eastern yellowjacket
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The eastern yellow jacket or eastern yellowjacket (''Vespula maculifrons'') is a wasp found in eastern North America.〔Hoffman, Eric A., Kovacs, Jennifer L. and Goodisman, Michael A. D. (August 20, 2008). Genetic structure and breeding system in a social wasp and its social parasite. BMC Evolutionary Biology.〕 Although most of their nests are subterranean, they are often considered a pest due to their nesting in recreational areas and buildings.〔MacDonald, J. F., and R. W. Matthews. "Nesting Biology of the Eastern Yellowjacket, Vespula Maculifrons (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)." Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 54.3 (1981): 433-57. JSTOR. Web. 22 Sept. 2014. .〕 This yellow jacket is a social insect, living in colonies of hundreds to thousands of individuals.〔Yellowjackets and Hornet Vespula and Dolichovespula spp. (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Grissell, E. E. and Fasulo, Thomas R. 2007, University of Florida IFAS Extension, pp. 1-5.〕 Along with their subfamily, Vespinae, this species demonstrates supportive parental care for offspring, separation of reproductive and sterile castes, and overlapping generations.〔Identification Atlas of the Vespidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) of the northeastern Nearctic region. Buck, Matthias, Marshall, Stephen A. and Cheung, David K. B. 2008, Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 5, pp. 20-21; 402-403.〕 They aggressively defend their hives from threats and are known to inflict painful stings.
== Taxonomy and phylogenetics ==
''V. maculifrons'' is within the family Vespidae, which is commonly found throughout the Northern Hemisphere, specifically in North America. The Vespidae family consists of three subfamilies – Stenogastrinae, Polistinae, and Vespinae – which display common features such as tarsal claws. ''V. maculifrons'' is part of the Vespinae subfamily, and these species are part of the yellowjackets.〔12 Greene, Albert, John F. Macdonald, Peter J. Landolt, and Harry G. Davis. "Biology." The Yellowjackets of America North of Mexico. By Roger D. Akre. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1980. 3+. Print.〕 For example, ''V. maculifrons'' is commonly called the eastern yellowjacket and has the black and yellow color that distinguishes the yellowjackets.〔Grissell, E. E., and Thomas R. Fasulo. "Yellowjackets and Hornets, Vespula and Dolichovespula Spp. (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Vespidae)." DPI Entomology Circular 142 (1999): 1-4. Web. 24 Sept. 2014. .〕 The specific name ''maculifrons'' is derived from the Latin word ''macula'', which means spot, and ''frons'', which means forehead. This refers to the spots on the head of species, which is another distinguishing characteristic. Like other ''Vespula'' species, ''V. maculifrons'' is a social wasp. As a result, the species participates in cooperative brood care and division between reproductive and nonreproductive groups.〔
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